Chapter Three: Group Development

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0><script type="text/javascript" src="http://hb.lycos.com/hb.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ratings.lycos.com/ratings/lycosRating.js.php"></script> <script type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[//><!]]></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://scripts.lycos.com/catman/init.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-start.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-middle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-end.js"></script> <noscript> <img src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/img/common/ot_noscript.gif?rand=886438" alt="" width="1" height="1" />  <iframe frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="728" height="90" src="http://ad.yieldmanager.com/st?ad_type=iframe&ad_size=728x90&section=209094"></iframe>  </noscript> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="31800640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000066" FACE="Tahoma" ><B>The Message</b></FONT><FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><B>|   </b><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Message"><U><B>The Message Home Page</b></U></A><B> </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="small_group_communication_by_lynn_meade.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Small Group Home Page"><U><B>Small Group Home Page</b></U></A><B>  </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U><B>Contact Me</b></U></A></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> A Communication Website by Lynn Meade</div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=150 BGCOLOR="#0000BF" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>Anger is only one letter short of danger.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>If someone betrays you once, it is his fault;</b></div> <div> <B>If he betrays you twice, it is your fault.</b></div> <bR> <div> <B> Great minds discuss ideas;</b></div> <div> <B>Average minds discuss events;</b></div> <div> <B>Small minds discuss people. </b></div> <bR> <div> <B> Learn from the mistakes of others.</b></div> <div> <B>You can't live long enough to make them all</b></div> <div> <B>yourself.</b></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=380 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>Chapter Three:  Group Development</b></div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="2faa79c0.gif" border=0 width="167" height="156" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B><U>Task and Social Dimensions: </U></b>All decision-making groups have both task and social dimensions.  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">How group members are treated and the quality of their relationships within the group can markedly affect task accomplishment. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Neither the task nor the social dimension can be ignored for decision making to be successful</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cohesiveness enhances group productivity unless overemphasized</div> <div> .  </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Task dimension</b> is the work performed by the group and its impact on the group</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Social dimension </b>is the relationships that form between members in the group and their impact on the group as a whole. </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Outputs </b>are results of the group's interactions</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Productivity </b>is the result of the efficient and effective accomplishment of a group task</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cohesiveness</b> is the degree to which members feel a part of the group, wish to stay in the group, and are committed to each other and to the group's work. </div> <bR> <div> <B>The main strategies for instilling cohesiveness in groups are:</b></div> <div> 1.  Encourage compatible membership</div> <div> 2.  Develop shared goals</div> <div> 3.  Accomplish tasks</div> <div> 4. Develop a positive history of cooperation</div> <div> 5.  Promote acceptance of group members</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Closer Look: The Case of "Hormones with Feet"--How do groups respond to members coupling up and engaging in overt displays of affection?</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Periodic Phases of Group Development</b></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="484" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 219 WIDTH="264"><div> <IMG SRC="3018ed50.gif" border=0 width="142" height="213" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="201"><div> This is a sarcastic look at why we form groups.  Unfortunately, this is the way many people think about teamwork. </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 114 WIDTH="264"><div> <I><B>TEAMWORK… </b></I></div> <div> <I>“It's amazing what you can accomplish if you just convince enough other people to do the things you don't want to.”  http://www.nuancegolf.com</I></div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="201"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="114" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="201" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <B><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Forming:</U></b> Why do we Join Groups?</div> <div> <I>The reasons individuals join groups have noticeable effects on productivity and cohesiveness of those groups</I></div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Interpersonal Attraction--</b>We seem to be attracted to others when we perceive them to be similar to us in personality, attitudes and beliefs, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, and economic status.  Physical attractiveness is also a source of attraction</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Attraction to Group Activities</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Attraction to Group Goals</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Establishment of Meaning and Identity</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Fulfillment of Unrelated Needs</div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="2f8a27a0.gif" border=0 width="162" height="122" ALT="Metafile Companion Picture (32-bit)" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Storming</U></b>: Tension in Groups</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Finding the level of tension that solidifies the group and effectively managing group tension are important factors in successful group development</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Primary Tension-</b>-tension when a group first congregates</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Joking, laughing, chatting, superficial conversation helps break primary tension</div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Second Tension-</b>the stress and strain that occurs within the group later</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Tension can be a positive force: It can energize the group, challenge members to think creatively, bring the group together. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The challenge is to manage secondary tension within tolerable limits. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If the groups is not able to accomplish tasks and maintain a satisfying social climate then there is excess tension. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A competent communicator will handle secondary tension by:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Keeping a civil tongue</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Tolerating, even encouraging, disagreement and deviance</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Being an active listener</div> <bR> <div> <B><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Norming</U></b>: Regulating the Group</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Types of Norms</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Explicit--norms stated directly</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Implicit-observed rules</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Purpose and Development of Norms: The main purpose is to achieve group goals</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Conforming to Norms</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Conditions for Conformity to Norms</div> <div> <I>The stronger the cohesiveness in the group, the greater is the conformity to group norms</I></div> <div> <I>Conformity is greater when individuals expect to be group members for a long time</I></div> <div> <I>Conformity is greater when individuals perceive that they have a somewhat lower status in the group than other members or are not accepted by the group</I></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Nonconformity</div> <bR> <div> <B>Closer Look: High School Cliques:</b> A Lesson in Conformity--What was your experience with cliques</div> <bR> <div> <B>Closer Look: Hazing Rituals</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Groups harshly initiate their newcomers because the harder it tis to get into a group the greater will be the loyalty and commitment to the group once membership has been attained</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A harsh initiation provides the group with valuable information about the newcomers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A harsh initiation discourages newcomers who have a weak commitment to the group or have a halfhearted desire to join the group</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A harsh initiation may convince newcomers how dependent they are on long time members</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Performing: </U></b>Group Output</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individual Versus Group Performance</b>: A key to successful group performance is putting together a team composed of members who do not share ignorance, but instead pool non overlapping areas of knowledge</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The average group member pursued their topic for 58 seconds at a time before diverting to an irrelevant topic.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Groups can remember more accurately than individuals.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Groups outperform individuals when both the group and any individual compared are without expertise on the task. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Groups usually outperform an individual when both the group and the individual have expertise and the task is an especially complicated and complex one. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Expert groups outperform their best member 97% of the time, </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individuals outperform groups when groups establish noms of mediocrity. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individuals outperform groups when groups become too large. </div> <bR> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Social loafing -</b>the tendency of individual group members to reduce their work effort as groups increase in size</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Risk Taking and Polarization</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Risky shift phenomenon</b>- groups make more risky decisions than individuals.however research has found that groups sometimes have a conservative shift so it is better to say that groups polarize. </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Group polarization</b> is the group tendency to make a decision after discussion, that is more extreme, either riskier or more cautions, than the initial preferences of group members</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Kolb's Learning Cycle</b></div> <div> Different learning styles cause individuals to work differently in groups</div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="544" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 284 WIDTH="275"><div> <B>Concrete experience learning style</b></div> <div> <B>Doers, experiences</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Learn from events they observe or activities they participate in. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Concerned with unique, particular experiences rather than theories and generalizations. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Likely to help the group do than to help the group synthesize information</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="250"><div> <B>Abstract Conceptualization Learning Style</b></div> <div> <B>Thinkers, synthesizer</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Process information by reading and solitary study.  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">comfortable working alone, can perceive broad patterns, readily understand theoretical material, and can pull together information form a variety of sources. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Logical and emphasize thinking as opposed to feeling.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They like to pull group research together. </div> <bR> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 246 WIDTH="275"><div> <B>Reflective Observation Learning Style</b></div> <div> <B>Thinkers</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Prefer to gain perspective by standing back, gaining perspective and distance, and thinking about it reflectively. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They mull information in their minds, talk to others about it.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They learn particularly well by writing about the experience. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">More likely to help the group think than to help the group do</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="250"><div> <B>Active Experimentation Learning style</b></div> <div> <B>Doer</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individuals learn by trying out difference things until they find ways that work.  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They do rather than observe. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Effective in a crisis because they can think and problem solve on their feet. </div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> Closer Look: Social Loafing: Sapping a Group's Vitality</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Newcomers and Group Development</U></b></div> <div> <B>Nature of Group</b></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>?</b><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>If you were leader of a team, what would you do to help newcomers become  part of the group?</b></FONT></div> <bR> <div> Several Characteristics of a group directly affect the acceptance of a newcomer </div> <div> (Moreland and Levine 1987)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The level of group development affects the acceptance of newcomers</div> <div> The older the group the harder it is for a newcomer to become part of the system</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The level of group performance affects the acceptance of the newcomer into the group</div> <div> If a group is working poorly they are more likely t accept newcomers than if they are functioning well</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Wing0a73007700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The degree of turnover in a group affect acceptance of newcomers. </div> <div> Groups accustomed to frequent entry and exit of members will accept newcomers more readily</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Newcomer Strategies to Improve Acceptance into the Group</U></b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Conduct a thorough reconnaissance: assess the group you may be joining</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Play the role of a newcomer</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Seek advice from longtimers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Avoid disagreements with old-timers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Talk less than old-times do as a sign of respect</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Seek patrons within the group: Find a mentor</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Collaborate with other newcomers</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Focus on Gender/Culture: Gender/Ethnicity and Group Development</b></div> <div> In mixed sex groups, men are normatively assumed to be the task experts whereas women are assumed to be the relationship experts. </div> <div> This norm emphasizes a lower status role for women (keeping the peace) and a higher status role for males (decisions making)</div> <bR> <div> <B>The 20 Percent Rule</b></div> <div> Researchers have observed that discrimination against minorities (and presumably women) drops substantially when no less than 20 percent and no fewer than two members are from a minority</div> </td> </tr></table></body>